usernamesaredifficul [he/him]

I think you would call this transductive reasoning. Rather than using information to put together a theory and work off that theory you work directly off the evidence

for example hearing a bell and dinner being ready and coming to associate the bell with dinner without ever learning why the bell means dinner

found pie in the bush, there might be pie in that bush

IQ is bullshit. The gifted kids were just the kids that had supportive homelives

The pareto principle was produced by guessing based on anecdotal observations it was never a serious thing